Faire la tête - French Expression

The French expression  faire  la tà ªte  means to sulk, as when someone doesnt get his or her way or is bad-tempered about something that just happened. Pronunciation: [fehr la teht] Literal translation: to do/make the head Register: normal Synonym:  bouder Examples   Ã‚  Ã‚   Pourquoi est-ce que tu fais la tà ªte  ?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Why are you sulking?      Ã‚  Ã‚   Ne fais pas la tà ªte  !   Ã‚  Ã‚  Dont sulk! Stop sulking!      Ã‚  Ã‚   Franck fait toujours la tà ªte à   propos de ta decision.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Franck is still sulking about your decision. More Expressions with faireParts of the bodyFrench gestures and body languageExpressions related to moodMost common French phrases

Good Governance and Human Rights - 1107 Words

Introduction Good governance and human rights are considered as key ingredients to economic growth. Nowadays few, if any, politicians and political scientists alike, would deny that democracy (good governance and human rights) and economic development are correlated. This link has long been argued as indispensible to the development of the African continent and that the African countries should embrace the â€Å"Rule of Law† in as far as good governance and human rights within their constitutional orders. However, others would argue that countries such as China, Saudi Arabia and Russia and few others have not exhibited good governance and human rights, but still continued to enjoy overwhelming economic prosperity. The notion of good governance and human rights are largely seen in many parts of the world as neo-liberal â€Å"western imported concepts†, as they don’t resonate with the norms, culture, religion and traditions of some societies around the world such as North Korea, Egypt or even Angola and Zimbabwe to closer to home. In 2009, former US Secretary of State, Hilary Clinton in a speech in Nigeria, emphasized on a speech made by President Barack Obama on how Africa did not need more masculinity, but capable institutions that will be able to stand the tests of time. She argued that no amount of oil or aid would warranty Nigeria success. Their key to success was good governance. This shows this close association, for some actors, between western democratic governance andShow MoreRelatedPolitical Governance in Rwanda904 Words   |  4 PagesPolitical Governance in Rwanda I. Summary: Rawanda a country titled Genocide, massacre, poverty, discrimination, corruption, and violence. 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The Factors Affecting Safe Drinking-Water free essay sample

The distribution of population between urban and rural areas: in most developing countries people in urban areas are more likely to have access to safe drinking water than their rural counterparts due to the concentration of investment in urban areas * Socio-economic differences in urban areas: affluent urban districts invariably have better access to safe water than poor districts * The degree of contamination of urban water supplies by industry and lack of sanitation * The degree of contamination of rural water supplies by animal use, fertilisers, pesticides, herbicides and lack of human sanitation * Civil war and international conflict. E. g. Serbia and Bosnian war Water Pollution: * 450km3 of wastewater discharged into rivers etc per year * Developing world, rivers becoming polluted * 90% sewage in developing countries is discharged into rivers and lakes and seas without treatment e. g. Yamuna river through Delhi has 200million litres sewage draining into it each day * People hav e to turn to water vendors which cost a lot Describe and explain the different factors effecting access to safe drinking water. (10 marks) In the world today, 87% of people drink from improved water sources. This is an increase in 10% since 1990. In the ten year period between 1996 and 2006 it has been estimated that 1. 56 billion people gained access to improved drinking-water sources. Even though there has been such a large increase in improved water sources; water shortages and access to safe drinking water still is a big problem to many people. There are many factors that influence and effect access to safe drinking water which can be broken into two main groups; human factors and physical factors. Physical factors affecting access safe drinking water can be very problematic in many countries, mainly in Northern Africa and the Middle East. These factors are caused by nature. The main physical factor that affects access to safe drinking water is the amount of precipitation that the area or country receives. Rainfall is a vital source of water, but cannot be controlled. Rainwater provides a sources of clean drinking water. Rainfall catches in highlands and flows downhill in rivers, which are a good source of safe drinking water, if not polluted. If an area does not receive sufficient rainfall it will have to rely on another sources of water for safe drinking water such as aquifers. Some areas unfortunately do not receive enough rainfall to supply a sufficient water source. A good example of this would be Libya; Only five percent of the nation receives more than 100mm of rain each year. This puts huge stress on the nation as it has to rely on groundwater aquifers for water, which can be depleted. Alongside the amount of precipitation a country receives, another important factor is the seasonal distribution of that precipitation. If the rainfall is not well distributed, some areas may not have access to it. Physical ability of the surface area to store water is very important. If the area is flat, and the ground is very dry and permeable, most if not all of the water that falls on it will seep through and could become inaccessible to the people. The rate of evapotranspiration is a factor that affects access to safe drinking-water too. Evapotranspiration is the water that is lost from the plants stomata. The faster plants lose water, the more water they require. If the rate of evapotranspiration is high, plants will grow their roots deep and absorb water from the ground, potentially depleting aquifer and/or lowering the water bed. This uses up a good sources of safe drinking-water. Density of surface access points to water is an important influence over drinking-water access. This is the density of the surface area of a country (or area) that has points at which safe drinking water can be accessed from. Countries with a high density will find that water access is easy, whereas countries with a low density may find that some people have to travel long distances, or may not have any access to water, as there are no water access points nearby. Alongside the density of surface access points to water, ease of access to groundwater supplies if they exist is very important. There may be groundwater supplies may be present but could be inaccessible. For example, the area could be covered with a layer of solid rock which cannot be bored through. Human factors that affect safe drinking water can be just as large of a problem as physical factors, if not a bigger problem. These factors are caused by human action, or lack of action. A very important factor is the wealth of a nation or region in terms of its ability to construct and maintain water infrastructure. Water needs to be captured and held for it to be distributed and cleaned for use. Without infrastructure to hold the water, or lack of maintenance to this infrastructure, many people who rely on this water sources can be greatly affected. An example of this would be Ethiopia. Although Ethiopia receives a reasonable amount of annual rainfall, the country lacks the infrastructure for capturing and storing water. This makes a large part of the population venerable to drought and food and water insecurity. The distribution of population between urban and rural areas is a factor affecting access to safe drinking water in many countries. In most developing countries people in urban areas are more likely to have access to safe drinking water than their rural counterparts due to the concentration of investment in urban areas. Hand in hand with the distribution of population between urban and rural areas, socio-economic differences in urban areas affect access to safe drinking-water. Affluent urban districts invariably have better access to safe water than poor districts due to better investment in richer areas. The degree of contamination of urban water supplies by industry and lack of sanitation has large impacts on access to safe drinking water. Industry can often end up pollution water supplies by running their piping alongside and parallel to water pipes. Leakages etc. in the pipes can end up causing pollution of the clean water by the dirty industry fluids. Factory run-offs are often discharged into lakes and rivers, making them unusable for consumption. An example of this kind of pollution would be in the United States. In the USA, industry is the greatest source of pollution, accounting for more than half the volume of all water pollution and for the most deadly pollutants. Some 370,000 manufacturing facilities use huge quantities of freshwater to carry away wastes of many kinds. The waste-bearing water, or effluent, is discharged into streams, lakes, or oceans, which in turn disperse the polluting substances. Approximately 40% of the nations surveyed lakes, rivers, and estuaries were too polluted for such basic uses as drinking supply. The degree of contamination of rural water supplies by animal use, fertilisers, pesticides, herbicides and lack of human sanitation also has large impacts on access to safe drinking water. These causes are similar to those as industry. Farms and rural areas tend to have bad sewage systems and run-off systems from their farms and housing. These run-offs of polluted and used water end up flowing into rivers and lakes which make them unsafe to drink from. The polluted water can also seep into aquifers, pollution wells and boreholes in the areas. Civil war and international conflict is a major factor affecting access to safe drinking water. A good example of this would be the Bosnian war. On 2 May 1992, Bosnian Serb forces established a total blockade of the city of Sarajevo. They cut off water supply, which made people have to use water sources such as rivers and boreholes outside of the city. Many of these sources could not be accessed due to shelling and sniping around these areas. In conclusion we can see that there are many different factors affecting access to safe drinking water. These include physical and human factors. The physical factors include amount of precipitation and the ability of the surface to hold water. Human factors include pollution, warfare and wealth which effects infrastructure to build and maintain dams etc.

Polaroid Case Essay Example

Polaroid Case Paper Polaroid Case Objectives * Introduces the construction and use of statistical process control (SPC) charts and an understanding of the relationship between SPC and conformance quality. * Creating the strategy and implementation steps for transforming an operation from inspection-based to one that relies on statistically controlled process. * Understanding the complex human and organizational problems that occur when the basic operating philosophy is changed. * Applying quality tools to assess the root causes of defect problems. Understanding the limits of product sampling and inspection methods, especially for a product that is destroyed by the inspection process itself Assignment: In the mid 1980s, one of Polaroids instant film plants is reassessing its traditional approach to quality and is trying to move itself onto a new improvement path. Management must decide what recently gathered data reveal about process control and what actions are appropriate. What is the magnitude of cost of quality problems at the R2 plant? How effective were its past procedures for quality management? Using the data in the exhibits and the note on process control charts, construct and analyze the appropriate SPC charts. What conclusions should Rolfs draw? What recommendations would you make to Rolfs in order to address both near- and longer- term issues? How did Polaroid maintain quality film cartridges before Project Greenlight? What are the implications of that approach What is Rolfs strategy for Project Greenlight? From your analysis of the pod weights, is the pod-making process in control? What about the finger height of the injection molded plastic end cap? How can you begin to understand whats going on here? Is the pod weight process a capable process? How is capability determined? What is your assessment of Project Greenlight? Is the quality better or worse as a result of Project Greenlight? Process control at Polaroid Basing your analysis on both quantitative and qualitative tools, what evidence is there that quality is getting better? Pod Weight control According to Pod Weight control chart in Appendix, the pod weight performance variability is within the control limit (between 2. 74 2. 835), which means the process is in control. This indicates the quality is getting better since the Pod Weight defect rate is normal (Pod Weight measurement is a part of defect report issued by operator, which continue 1% after Greenlight implementation) and in control, although they reduce the number of quality control samples. However, each average of sample of the last five shifts has decreasing trend. Therefore, Polaroid might want to investigate the cause before the process is out of control. Less Quality Control expense We will write a custom essay sample on Polaroid Case specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Polaroid Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Polaroid Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Since quality control activities do not add value to the Polaroid camera, a company normally wants to reduce the cost of quality control as much as possible. In Polaroid, the quality control process itself can increase the defect rate and makes the sampling product to be reworked. Therefore, reducing the number of samples by implementing Greenlight saves the company’s expense. Standardize the process Prior to the Greenlight project, the process quality at Polaroid was rely on operators’ individual performance since each of them had their own mindset how to handle the machines from their experience. The knowledge of dealing with machines belonged to operators, not the company. The Greenlight project s provides the standard direction, which benefits to the company since now the knowledge belongs to the company. Basing your analysis on both quantitative and qualitative tools, what evidence is there that quality is getting worse? Finger Height control The control chart of Finger Height measurement in appendix is not as good as Pod Weight. 20 of 45 sampling data are out of control. Moreover, the interval between the maximum and average. I. We Need Greenlight But for Which Reason? Quality control of film cartridges on R2 was a routine process, but the QC department found that there are some discrepancies between the defect rate of QC auditors and the Operators. Defects were being passed through the entire manufacturing process unnoticed. While pre-existing measurements at quality control showed low overall defect rates, there were complications in the process and interference from operators that affected QC numbers. Project Greenlight was initially necessary to allow for accurate measurement of processes and quality control during the process as opposed to the end of the process. Once implemented, Greenlight would serve to measure and identify manufacturing process steps that were not in control and might produce defects. While necessary to provide a clear understanding of quality control through each step of the manufacturing process, upper management seemed less interested in Greenlight’s success as a source of continual improvement and more in its ability to cut personnel from the quality ontrol side. Greenlight is necessary in their minds, but not for the reasons we have suggested. II. X-bar and R charts to the Rescue. (Please see exhibits 1-5 in the appendix for R2 process control charts) After generating X-bar and R charts for both the finger height and pod weight processes, we can generate a few conclusions. First, both R-charts show subgroup ranges that are within the control limits, which suggests that the variation between subgroups is consistent. However, we can clearly see from the X-bar chart for finger height that this process is not in control. Moreover, this seems to be a substantial problem, as these limits are violated frequently. Exhibit 5 shows the graphs for finger-height and pod-weight in each shift. The pod weight graphs for Shift A, B and C shows that processes are in control. Finger height graphs for shift B shows that Polaroid Case I. We Need Greenlight But for Which Reason? Quality control of film cartridges on R2 was a routine process, but the QC department found that there are some discrepancies between the defect rate of QC auditors and the Operators. Defects were being passed through the entire manufacturing process unnoticed. While pre-existing measurements at quality control showed low overall defect rates, there were complications in the process and interference from operators that affected QC numbers. Project Greenlight was initially necessary to allow for accurate measurement of processes and quality control during the process as opposed to the end of the process. Once implemented, Greenlight would serve to measure and identify manufacturing process steps that were not in control and might produce defects. While necessary to provide a clear understanding of quality control through each step of the manufacturing process, upper management seemed less interested in Greenlight’s success as a source of continual improvement and more in its ability to cut personnel from the quality control side. Greenlight is necessary in their minds, but not for the reasons we have suggested. II. X-bar and R charts to the Rescue. (Please see exhibits 1-5 in the appendix for R2 process control charts) After generating X-bar and R charts for both the finger height and pod weight processes, we can generate a few conclusions. First, both R-charts show subgroup ranges that are within the control limits, which suggests that the variation between subgroups is consistent. However, we can clearly see from the X-bar chart for finger height that this process is not in control. Moreover, this seems to be a substantial problem, as these limits are violated frequently. Exhibit 5 shows the graphs for finger-height and pod-weight in each shift. The pod weight graphs for Shift A, B and C shows that processes are in control. Finger height graphs for shift B shows that process is out of control as several points fall outside of the control limits. Finger height shift A and C are in control but many points are close to upper control limits in the X-bar charts. From this analysis we conclude that the process involved in finger height is problematic and should be optimized before moving forward on analysis of other parts of the overall process. The regular violation of control limits may point to a significant contribution to overall quality control rejections. III. Quality Check â€Å"Type of Defects† (exhibit 4) and â€Å"Reported Defect Rates† (exhibit 5) suggests that the output quality of R2 has declined. The reported defective rate from the operators had decreased from under 1% to 0. 5% and the defective rate from the central process auditors had increased from over 1% to levels averaging 10% (stated in case). The exhibits also show that although the types of defects noticed by the operator and auditor are same, but the number of times the defect observed by auditor is significantly igher. Factors contributing to decrease in quality of product are numerous. R2 does not inspect for the types of defects that consumers notice. Rather, it inspects for more technical, hidden defects. Operators do not follow the guidelines for interpreting control charts as most of the defects are sighted by Quality Control at the end of the process. Some problems that operators did not regard as important are not reported and result in rejection by quality cont rol at the end of the process. Operators tweak the machines when products do not meet the process control limit resulting in greater inconsistency within the process. All of these influences suggest that overall product quality has declined with the implementation of Greenlight. However, it is more likely that output quality continues to exist at pre-Greenlight levels, but is simply measured more effectively than in the past and is a system in which operators cannot manipulate over QC numbers. IV. Greenlight to the Future Moving forward on the R2 line over the coming six months will involve not only statistical analysis of the manufacturing processes, but alignment of the work staff to achieve continually achieve better results. Creating this culture of continual improvement will be more difficult the measurement part, but in will allow process data to be leveraged to increase quality output and in the end reduce costs on the R2 line. This will begin with a closer partnership with process operators. In the current situation, operators have little reason to buy into Greenlight. For this project to be effective, they will have to have to be compensated for their good performance. We suggest a bonus payment structure that rewards operators not only for improvement of the process step they are responsible for, but also for shift and overall effectiveness at achieving in-control processes and better quality. Additionally, Bud must seek to form a partnership with upper management and convincing this group that capital nvestments will be needed to make Greenlight effective in the long run. While this project has the potential to generate increased efficiencies across the R2 line in the long run, it does not represent a tool for immediate reactionary cost-cutting, which may be upper management’s original reasons for supporting this initiative.